Showing posts with label privacy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label privacy. Show all posts

Thursday, November 12, 2009

Conversations on Privacy, Reputation and Banality

In the last week or two, the NET11 Discussion Board has been running hot on issues of banality, reputation and privacy. Because I have a respect for people’s privacy, I have only shown contributors’ initials below.

We have been amazed at references to users of social networking sites who post considerable detail about themselves, much of it showing them in a very unfavourable light, and some of it sufficient to make contact, without, apparently, ever thinking that it may be seen by a villain, or by an employer, or by a parent, and without a thought being given to privacy settings on the SNS platform.

We discussed how SNS users share intimate details happily with people that have never met. NW said “maybe it will be a generational thing, children and adolescents who grow up now with social networking sites as the norm, may have numerous strong ties to people that they have never physically met. I don't believe that it will replace face-to-face relationships but what impact might it have on young people's social skills? I'm sure I'll be bringing out the old parents line ‘when I was a boy we...’, to my kids!”.

We pondered over why users feel the need to share every gruesome, banal detail of their life. I said it just seems to me that there is some pressure amongst Facebook devotees to report their every action, as if not to do so implies some sort of defect or failure. Twitterers seem to have the same behaviour.” MN said “But this is different, it is like a showroom of banality, tragedy and performance, often negative. Disclosure of personal things is taken for granted” and he referred the class to lamebook.com which appears to be a site devoted to collecting feeds from the very worst Facebook has to offer.

Much bandwidth was used up discussing whether employers should use online resources to seek additional intelligence on job applicants.

MN discussed the case study of Mimi whose activist history found in her digital shadow affected her job application. “Sure she might have felt very strongly once in protesting but now she is qualified and willing to do the job. I agree with boyd if Mimi is the non-traditional person who can business wise and culturally work the store to a level of success then I would say hire her.”

KL was very frank with us and admitted to a case where she overlooked a job applicant due to a black digital shadow. I said “if her out-of-hours behaviour would have no effect on her capacity to perform [the job]then you should not taken that information into account. Maybe in the back of your mind, you were looking for human qualities like tact, discretion and judgement in the role, and felt that the candidate had disqualified herself in those regards. [However] you were perfectly entitled to Google up both candidates, and should not feel guilty about it. It's a perfect illustration of Tama's point, that our reputation is increasingly sourced from the internet and will influence employers and the like whether we like it or not. So we should take pains to manage our digital shadow with an internet footprint, so to speak!” SC agreed, and added that online communication is such an important part of our lives these days that in many roles, not knowing appropriate behaviour online seems tantamount to not knowing proper spelling and grammar, or not knowing how to use a word processor. This is, of course, not the case with all jobs. But I feel like for many jobs, not knowing proper online etiquette is a bad sign.”

SP argued that “shouldn't we be judged on our professional use of online communication rather our personal use when applying for a job?” but I felt that the proposition “when people apply for jobs, they submit their CV’s which includes their previous jobs, publications, referees etc. Recruiters are permitted to consult these, and they recognize that such references will always be selected to cast a positive light on the applicant. There is no justification to stop employers looking for an independent or more balanced view, but what those applicants also have a right to expect is that the employers will keep what they find in context, and will only consider material that is relevant to the job. The trouble is, a rejected applicant will never know for sure that it was their online reputation which cost them a job or an interview.”

This gets us to what is possibly the strongest argument in this NET11, namely that you can’t control what others post about you, and you may regret what you posted about yourself in the past, but you can try to counter an unfortunate digital shadow with a positive internet footprint, a personal web presence. MN is sceptical: “If something negative exists get a blog then? Recreate your image? There is a difference in skill from just posting to making a full blown hey i'm wonderful just because I was throwing up at a mate's party please don't neglect my job application blog or website. But if someone sees something on the net and determines you are the 'hoon' or whatever for relationships or jobs, and no amount of arguing with evidence convinces them you are not, then rent, mortgages and food are important, as is love, but do you really want to be with people or work with people like that?”

My comment on this topic “we would hope that prospective employers would respect [that] online reputation is not a black and white question of good and bad. What teenagers post about themselves, or have posted about themselves should not generally count for much 10, 20 years later especially if it's about relatively trivial matters such as partying, nudity etc. or even political views. What would definitely be of more concern would be if those early posts pointed to seriously warped values, like encouraging terrorism, violence, abuse or even discrimination. Values held deeply as a teenager don't go away, even if immaturity does for most of us. On one hand, a boss should not disqualify an applicant unless the poor reputation found online is identifiably relevant to the job at hand. And on the other hand, every single job applicant must accept that any employer is perfectly within his or her rights to seek any legally available information on that applicant.” The sickening example of Kenny the cat abuser, posted by MN, is an example of those “seriously warped values”. I would never employ that guy!

MN admitted the value of a managed internet footprint and called for judgement with “online presence can be crafted, I am now accepting that argument, but there might be something from over 10 years ago out there that may haunt, but people change, so let's hope there is a sensible approach from all parties on this issue.”

The above is only a selection of the posts on whether a person’s digital footprint should be accessed by prospective employers for example. It could hardly be said that we resolved this difficult question, but one thing looks certain – as today’s young move into and the workforce and up through career structures, their digital shadow looks as though it will be increasingly consulted by those recruiting them and promoting them. It’s best to be alert and prepared, if not alarmed.

Saturday, November 7, 2009

Digital Shadow - Boyd's Trainwreck

danah boyd's article raises a number of interesting points regarding our perceptions of privacy and the arrangement of personal information online. This is a timely reading, as those of you with facebook will have noticed that the 'news feed' feature has been changed yet again. As always, a few questions to start us off:

- Inadvertent exposure: boyd addresses how personal relationships are transformed into quantifiable data online. How do you feel when your daily interactions, likes and dislikes are presented back to you as a public 'news feed' or list of actions?


I would not appreciate this at all, but then again, I don’t let it happen. Everything I read about Facebook makes me glad I have little involvement with it. Why would anyone post on Facebook everything they do when they know that it will be broadcast to everyone they know? Surely, to do so is the height of naivety and immaturity. Peer pressure must be the explanation.

- For those of you who use facebook, have you felt exposed as a result of the changes in format? Do you think twice, knowing that performing an action will produce data that is visible to all of your 'Friends'?

Not applicable to me, but I wonder what drivers are behind the “changes in format”. Is it (as we discussed in a previous module) commercial motivations driving Facebook’s quest for information about everyone? (Sounds unlikely, because it doesn’t add to Facebook’s database.) Are users actually asking for this facility? (I doubt it.) Are the ongoing changes part of experiments by Facebook to make the site more attractive to its impressionable customers, thus enabling it to grow? (I suspect so.)

- Information invasion: boyd comments that "the stream of social information gives people a fake sense of intimacy with others that they do not really know that well. If this is true, it could be emotionally devastating" (p17). Does the constant updating of your facebook Friends make you feel closer to them? Is this an asymmetrical relationship? Is it so different from 'following' a celebrity on Twitter?

Again, I can’t comment from personal experience. Facebook must be an interesting “topic” to study in that it produces such questions. I can only respond with another question: what motivates people to post anything on Facebook at all? It just seems to me that there is some pressure amongst Facebook devotees to report their every action, as if not to do so implies some sort of defect or failure. Twitterers seem to have the same behaviour. I joined Twitter as part of this Unit, but I find that most tweets, including my own, are most banal.

- - boyd argues that "infinite social information" can be ultimately destructive. Do you agree?
Infinite anything will probably destroy anything, but in this case, destructive of what? I think it’s Boyd who says that she receives so much information that it causes her to read none of it. In such a case, it is “overwhelming” and a waste of bandwidth. I suspect the biggest risk of destruction is to an individual’s time management and maybe self esteem?

Digital Footprint - No Ego Surfing for me!

I’ve been mulling over this since the start of NET11, but the lecture and notes on Your Digital Shadow have finally crystallized for me what the Web Presence required for Assignment 4 is all about. It is Tama’s solution to the problem of managing your online reputation when faced with the reality that you can’t control what others may post about you, and whether its true or false. A Web Presence will certainly (eventually) appear high up in Google’s and other search engine’s rankings for any individual, and will help balance any misinformation or undesirable truths which are also there.

I find this a persuasive argument, but I’m still not quite buying it. Well, not for me anyhow. My reasoning lies in the answers to the questions that Gwyn has posed us on Ego Surfing …

This week Tama asked you to go 'ego surfing' using Google, Blindsearch and Spezify
- How did you go? Were you comfortable with the results, did you find information or images that surprised you?
- If you did not find much information on yourself, are you happy about this? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having little or no digital shadow?


I have an unusual name, so by Tama’s logic, that should help search engines find me without too much other noise. However, my surname happens to be a noun in English and other languages that gets associated with businesses and functions. I also have not participated in online social networking, and my previous business life was professional but confidential, and has definitely not led an online trail. Accordingly, putting my name into Google produced pages and pages and pages of links nothing to do with me. In Tama-speak, I am an online nobody, I have no reputation! Similarly, Blindsearch and Spezify produced nothing on me.

When I deliberately helped Google by adding keywords for specific organizations that I work with that have web presences, at last the search engine found me successfully. I am now only nearly an online nobody.

Did this shatter my ego? No, au contraire, I am comfortable with this situation. I don’t operate in industries where your online persona is all there is of “you”. My reputation is with people I see and work with on a regular basis. I am not looking for a job. I don’t care that people can’t find me online. It’s possible that old buddies would like to contact me, but they are disappointed when they can’t find me on Facebook. Well, they could try the hard copy or online phone books! I don't deeply feel the need for a Personal Web Presence at this stage.

As an aside, while trying to stroke my ego, I came across www.intelius.com which admits that it only covers US residents. This site found 48 people with my name, told me where they lived, who their relatives were, what their criminal record was etc. Crikey!

It’s a legitimate question to ask why I am doing this Unit? I’m obviously an SNS virgin! That doesn’t make me disinterested, however. I’m a technophile doing a Computer Science degree for fun. I’m fascinated by all this twittering about Facebook, I’ve done all of Tama’s activities, and I have found the learnings to be interesting and entertaining. I can now astound my younger friends and family members with my knowledge of “their preserve”. I think it makes them a bit uncomfortable.

It occurs to me that those associated with running this Unit (no disrespect to anyone) believe that virtually “everyone” is engaged in online social networking, and are surprised to find examples or people who are not. The statistics such as we saw at http://pewinternet.org/Infographics/Growth-in-Adult-SNS-Use-20052009.aspx are stunning, but that same graph shows that there is a very sizable demographic not engaged in SNS. With my ego-surfing such a failure, I thought I would try an experiment. I tried vicarious ego-surfing on behalf of a cross-section of my friends. I deliberately looked for friends in each age decade. I only used Google, and I looked at the first 3 pages for each name. I was careful to spell their names correctly and did not use nicknames. I used only first and last names. The results are below, with only initials shown to preserve my friends’ privacy (but to remind me who they are), together with sex, age and hometown.

1. T.E-A (16,M, Sydney): Very unusual name, Google produced only 4 entries in total, none associated with my friend. He tells me he is an active online social networker, but it’s obviously under an assumed name. I cheated with this friend and also tried his preferred first name abbreviation. Another 4 entries, two false and two contained his City To Surf results.
2. A. McC (21,F, Sydney): Slightly unusual name. Found numerous genuine references to her on skiing websites on the first page of Google, all posted by others. Found Facebook and Twitter sites for others by the same name, but not my friend. I know (from past experience) this person used to have a MySpace page – maybe she disguises her name.
3. K.M (30, F, Sydney): Very unusual name. Google only had 26 links total on this name, all were references to my friend regarding her profession, none were posted by her. Her reputation is indeed forged online, and she could well be advised to get her own Web Presence.
4. C.B (39, F, Central Coast NSW): Reasonably unusual surname. Google had 130 links in total for this name. Many pertained to my friend, all posted by others, almost all relating to her career and profession. Found her father’s Facebook site, but not hers (even though I know she has one). Also a photograph of her.
5. M.M.(49, M, Sydney): Common name. Google had 325,000 entries. He’d be embarrassed to see images of some people with the same name. Could not find any correct link to my friend, even after adding “linkedin” to the keywords, because I know he’s listed there. Is this the curse or the benefit of a common name?
6. A.S. (55, M, Melbourne): Moderately common name. Google had 1970 link for this name. The top link was for someone else, but the second and later links were for his own website (I created this for him a year ago – I should be proud to get such a ranking.). A “linkedin” page for A.S. (that I was not aware of) was also on Google’s first page.
7. D.S (67,M, Braidwood): Extremely common name, but I tried this friend because he is very well known in his profession, but not a celebrity. Google found 390,000 results. I couldn’t find any referring to my friend.
8. A.B. (73, M, Florida USA): Moderately uncommon name, Google found 351 links, many relating to my friend arising from his past professional career. Easily found a lot about his genealogy.

The lessons for me from these anecdotal exercises are that:-
• It’s best not to live in the USA.
• My friends, even the young ones, don’t have much of a digital footprint.
• You’d have to work harder than just putting a name into Google to find information on people with common names.
• Adding extra keywords (but only if you know them) helps a search engine immeasurably.
• People with uncommon names (like Tama) are easily found.

So, to Gwyn’s other questions…
- How were the search engines different? How might the presentation of information alter its impact or meaning?
Blindsearch was as Tama described. The 3 search engines gave quite different results for me and others from my list above, but I couldn’t distinguish quality or relevance.
Spezify has an attractive and interesting graphical approach, came up with noting for me, but found items on my friends that I hadn’t noticed in the Google search (it used MSN search). I can’t deduce how Spezify decides what graphics or text to use, or how to rank pages, but the effect is stunning. I’m going to use Spezify more often, especially when I’m looking for something offkey. I keyed in my suburb name and Spezify displayed a number of random photos of mine located in a website with a similar name. How did it do this?

- Would you be comfortable with an employer or employee searching for you? What about your family members?

No, I wouldn’t be comfortable with that, but it just brings home the lessons that Tama has taught us. Mainly, don’t post anything you don’t want you boss, staff or family to see, because it’ll be there forever. And manage your online existence with your own personal website.

Friday, October 16, 2009

Thoughts of a Social Networking Virgin

Privacy

The boyd & Ellison paper outlines SNS' as challenging legal perspectives of privacy and asks "do police officers have the right to access content posted to Facebook without a warrant?" When do you think a social network is private and when is it public?
The internet is a form of open publication, and any material on it is able to be seen and used by anyone else unless rights are explicitly reserved. These rights may such as expressing a copyright for multimedia material, or, in the case of Social networking Sites, making privacy settings to suit your needs.

I would think that police would have every right to access content on Facebook or anywhere else when they can get it without being nominated as a “friend”, and without logging on with a username and password which is not theirs. If content is hidden behind passwords or privacy settings, then I believe it should not be available to any authority unless there is a legal warrant.

The Facebook terms of service, as quoted in our CourseWork has an intriguing clause: “subject to your privacy and application settings”. I’m no lawyer, but that clause seems to me to limit Facebook’s rights to “use” pretty extensively. But by all accounts (I’m a non-user of Facebook), Facebook does not encourage their users to stiffen their privacy settings, and the default privacy settings are “public”. This suggests that Facebook has scant respect for the privacy of their contributors. That said, Facebook does appear to allow its users to opt for privacy, if they try hard enough.

It is the personal responsibility of people posting information on Facebook to be aware of the implications. I have often read that “people are not aware of how public the internet is”. Well, despite the Stephanie Rice and British Intelligence examples mentioned by Tama, I think they should be aware, and it is their responsibility to be aware.

How do earlier identity modes such as anonymous identities in earlier virtual communities compare with public identities in SNS' such as Facebook? What do you think about the conflict between privacy and the need to share data (as stated in the curriculum - that's what social networking is about isn't it?).

The conflict is manifest. Facebook’s commercial interests may well be to collect information for consolidation and exploitation. The Terms of Service say “Facebook is about sharing information with others”. Facebook’s users may have certain privacy requirements even though they want to use the platform for the purpose of readily communicating with their nominated friends. If Facebook, through its Website and terms of use, allows users to specify privacy settings, then Facebook must respect them, regardless of the business objectives. Users must satisfy themselves as to the privacy of their information, and if they are not what is required, then they should not use Facebook.

This is difficult for young and inexperienced people, and making mistakes is part of the process of growing up and becoming wise. The main obligation on Facebook in this regard is that they make it clear to all their users the extent to which their personal information may be public, and how they can adjust whatever settings are available.

Copyright

In relation to what you have read and experienced about the TOS (Terms and Services) of social networking sites, think about the copyright issues you face as a user of these sites/services... What do you think about the ownership and use as in the terms and services of SNS' ? Do companies have the right to use data as we have outlined, data has value in the information economy? What do you think about the comment that 'these companies trade in data'?


To some extent these questions are not greatly different to those on Privacy. Users posting content over which they hold copyright are obliged to be aware of the TOS applicable. Subject to the settings they make, they may be giving up that copyright.

An oft reported matter is that users are posting material whose copyright belongs to someone else. Goldman (2007) reports that (under US law) “a website isn’t liable for hosting user copyright-infringing content unless the website receives a notice from the copyright owner and fails to promptly remove the content”. This seems to give SNSs an out when pirates post illegally obtained material, as well as the obligation to do something about it when they are notified. Stone (2009) recommends that copyright owners should post material on their own domain in the first instance, on the argument that search engines are savvy about original sources.

As for “these companies trade in data”, how can this be a surprise? It’s not a secret is it? Data definitely has a commercial value, as has been amply demonstrated by Google with targeted advertisements. But the only data SNSs have to trade in is that given to them by hapless users!

Goldman, E. (2007). Social Networking Sites and the Law. Retrieved on October 16, 2009 from http://www.ericgoldman.org/Resources/socialnetworkingsitesandthelaw.pdf

Stone, P. (2009). Social Networking Sites and Copyright Violations, Or ‘Hey Wait A Minute... That’s Mine!. Retrieved on October 16, 2009 from http://www.pattiedesign.com/pattiedesign/winter08_09.html



boyd & Ellison

After reading boyd & Ellison Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship, what do you think about the definitions of 'social network' boyd and Ellison outline? What *is* a social network? What could a 'network connection' potentially mean? Do you feel the definition of a social network might include other elements or shouldn't include some elements? Is or has anything changed since the paper was written?

I am basically unfamiliar with Social Network Sites such as Facebook, MySpace or the others mentioned in the CourseWork. I am not a member of any of these and am unlikely to ever become one unless obliged to do so by this unit or some other. (My venture into Twitter and Flikr has been scary enough!) However, I am prepared to accept the three part definition by Boyd & Ellison on the grounds that (a) I can understand it, (b) it seems to make sense and (c) I accept their expertise (although, with respect to Ms. Boyd, I am a bit doubtful about a person suffering an affectation that requires her to decapitalise her name, but acknowledge that that is a minor crime).

Since some SNSs seem to link people to the networks of their friends, as described in the video in Tama’s CourseWork “Social Networking in English”, then theoretically a network could cover the entire world’s population. James Valentine, an afternoon presenter on Sydney ABC local radio 702 used to have a segment called “degrees of separation” where he challenged two perfect strangers to find a common acquaintance in a time limited on-air conversation. Mostly they failed, but I was amazed at the occasional success and how close many others got to it. So a “network connection” could easily be anyone in the world! How terrifying to imagine a grandly popular Social Networking Site which could link any two people together.